[Full-Version] 2024 New Preparation Guide of Nokia 4A0-220 Exam
4A0-220 Practice Exam - 40 Unique Questions
Nokia 4A0-220 certification exam is an important credential for professionals who work with GMPLS-controlled optical networks and want to demonstrate their expertise in this area. By passing 4A0-220 exam, candidates can prove to employers and clients that they have the skills and knowledge needed to design, configure, and troubleshoot complex optical networks using Nokia solutions.
NEW QUESTION # 12
A network with ROADM GMPLS nodes and optical transponder connections could have:
- A. No restoration capabilities
- B. L0 and LI restoration capabilities
- C. L0 restoration capabilities
- D. L1 restoration capabilities
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A network with ROADM GMPLS nodes and optical transponder connections could have both L0 and L1 restoration capabilities. L0 restoration refers to the ability of the network to recover from failures at the optical layer, such as fiber cuts or node failures, by rerouting the affected LSPs to alternative paths at the same layer.
L0 restoration can be achieved by using GMPLS signaling protocols, such as RSVP-TE or CR-LDP, to establish backup LSPs in advance or on demand. L0 restoration can provide fast recovery times and high availability for optical services34. L1 restoration refers to the ability of the network to recover from failures at the sub-wavelength layer, such as transponder failures or wavelength unavailability, by rerouting the affected LSPs to alternative paths at a higher layer. L1 restoration can be achieved by using GMPLS routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to advertise the sub-wavelength information and availability to other nodes in the network. L1 restoration can provide more flexibility and efficiency for sub-wavelength services56.
References:
* 3: GMPLS - Nokia
* 4: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 5: Sub-Wavelength Switching - Nokia
* 6: Sub-Wavelength Switching in Optical Networks - IEEE Xplore
NEW QUESTION # 13
Which of the following best describes the Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted away from the TE-link
- B. An administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link
- C. An automatic shutdown of a TE-link and all of the LSPs in the TE-link
- D. A soft synchronization state where new traffic is not allowed
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T is an administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link. This state is used to prepare a TE-link for maintenance or decommissioning without affecting the existing services. The NFM-T sets the TE-link to Soft Shutting Down state by sending a Notify message with the Administrative State Change flag to the head-end node of the TE-link. The head-end node then stops accepting new LSP requests over the TE-link and sends a PathErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the tail-end nodes of the LSPs in the TE-link. The tail-end nodes then stop sending new traffic over the LSPs and send a ResvErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the intermediate nodes of the LSPs. The intermediate nodes then update their routing tables and stop forwarding new traffic over the LSPs. The existing traffic, however, continues to flow over the LSPs until they are manually deleted or rerouted by the NFM-T. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 14
What is a Label Switched Path (LSP)?
- A. A switched protection path
- B. The path created by MPLS nodes
- C. A protocol used by nodes to exchange information about the state of labels
- D. A High Order Container for client signal
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A Label Switched Path (LSP) is the path created by MPLS nodes that use labels to forward packets across the network. A label is a short identifier that is attached to each packet and indicates the next hop or destination of the packet. The nodes use a label forwarding table to switch packets based on their labels, without inspecting the packet headers. This can improve the performance, security, and quality of service of the network. An LSP can be established by using GMPLS protocols such as OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE, which exchange information about the network topology, resources, and constraints. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 15
Which of the following is not a key feature of GMPLS?
- A. Fast protection
- B. Restoration
- C. Resource optimization
- D. Self-discovery
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS is a protocol suite that extends the MPLS signaling and routing capabilities to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. GMPLS has several key features, such as self-discovery, fast protection, and restoration. Self-discovery allows GMPLS nodes to automatically discover their neighbors and exchange information about their capabilities and resources2. Fast protection enables GMPLS nodes to quickly switch to backup paths in case of a failure, without relying on the control plane3. Restoration allows GMPLS nodes to dynamically establish new paths in the network after a failure, using the control plane3. Resource optimization is not a key feature of GMPLS, but rather a potential benefit of using GMPLS to efficiently utilize the network resources and avoid over-provisioning. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 16
What category of protocols is used by the ingress router to set up a new LSP?
- A. Signaling protocols
- B. Link aggregation protocols
- C. Coloring protocols
- D. Link management protocols
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Signaling protocols are protocols that are used by the ingress router to set up a new LSP in an MPLS network.
Signaling protocols are responsible for requesting, allocating, and releasing resources along the LSP, as well as establishing and maintaining the label bindings between the nodes. Some examples of signaling protocols are RSVP-TE, LDP, and CR-LDP34. References:
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 4: MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 5500 Series Routers, IOS XR Release 7.1.x - Implementing MPLS Label Distribution Protocol [Cisco IOS XR Software (End-of-Sale)] - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which of the following statements best describes a distributed control plane for GMPLS?
- A. The network manager controls all the routing for the network.
- B. The network is managed by more than one network management system.
- C. Each router has software to run the GMPLS protocols and can modify the node's switching fabric.
- D. The control plane is active in some network nodes and not in others.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A distributed control plane for GMPLS means that each router has software to run the GMPLS protocols and can modify the node's switching fabric. This allows the routers to communicate with each other and establish Label Switched Paths (LSPs) across the network without relying on a centralized controller or network manager. A distributed control plane can improve the scalability, reliability, and efficiency of the network. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 18
When should two physical connections belong to the same SRG?
- A. When they are both selected during the setup process
- B. When they share the same risk of failure
- C. When one is the protection of the other
- D. When they are fully disjoint respective to the risk of failure
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) is a set of links sharing a common resource, which affects all links in the set if the common resource fails5. These links share the same risk of failure and are therefore considered to belong to the same SRLG. For example, links sharing a common fiber are said to be in the same SRLG because a fault with the fiber might cause all links in the group to fail. SRLGs are used in MPLS and GMPLS networks to provide traffic engineering and protection/restoration mechanisms. When computing the secondary path for an LSP, it is preferable to find a path such that the secondary and primary paths do not have any links in common in case the SRLGs for the primary and secondary paths are disjoint6. This ensures that a single point of failure on a particular link does not bring down both the primary and secondary paths in the LSP. References:
* 5: Shared risk resource group - Wikipedia
* 6: Shared Risk Link Groups for MPLS | Junos OS | Juniper Networks
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which of the following is not a GMPLS protocol?
- A. OSPF-TE
- B. LMP
- C. SFD
- D. RSVP-TE
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
SFD is not a GMPLS protocol, but a term used in optical networks to refer to the Source Frequency Definition, which is a parameter that specifies the frequency of a wavelength channel4. GMPLS protocols are those that enable the control and management of different types of switching technologies, such as packet, wavelength, fiber, and time-slot switching5. Some examples of GMPLS protocols are OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, and LMP. OSPF-TE is a routing protocol that advertises the topology and the link attributes of the network6.
RSVP-TE is a signaling protocol that establishes, modifies, and releases LSPs. LMP is a link management protocol that verifies the connectivity and monitors the status of the links. References:
* 4: Source Frequency Definition (SFD) - ITU
* 5: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 6: OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) - RFC 4203
* [7]: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions - RFC 3473
* [8]: Link Management Protocol (LMP) - RFC 4204
NEW QUESTION # 20
What does the SNC state with an uppercase "N" mean in a resource in NFM-T?
- A. Indicates it's using a link other than the Nominal
- B. Indicates if s a higher alarm state level
- C. Indicates the nominal resource on a TE-link that is not in use
- D. Indicates it's currently using the Nominal resource assigned to it
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC state with an uppercase "N" means that the resource is currently using the nominal resource assigned to it. As explained in the previous question, a nominal resource is the default or preferred resource that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. If an LSP is using the nominal resource on a TE-link, it means that the LSP has not been rerouted or switched due to any failure or constraint violation. In this case, the SNC state of the resource will be "N", indicating that it is in use by an LSP12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which of the following best describes Quality of Service in GMPLS?
- A. The amount of information that is possible to store in the Traffic Engineering Database (TED)
- B. The ability to set constraints such as latency and priority for different kinds of services
- C. The ability to switch back to the nominal route after a failure is repaired without impacting existing traffic
- D. The possibility to have L0 and L1 switching treated with the same quality level in the same network
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Quality of Service (QoS) in GMPLS is the ability to set constraints such as latency and priority for different kinds of services. This means that GMPLS can allocate network resources according to the specific requirements of each service, such as voice, video, or data. For example, a voice service may need low latency and high priority, while a data service may need high bandwidth and low priority. GMPLS can use Traffic Engineering (TE) extensions to OSPF and RSVP protocols to advertise and reserve network resources based on QoS parameters. References : [Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia], [Quality of Service - Nokia]
NEW QUESTION # 22
What is the GMRE notify address?
- A. An IP address used to signal failures on downstream nodes upstream to the head node
- B. The LMP Control Channel ID. This field contains the IPv4 address of the ingress LER as a global unique identifier
- C. The OSPF-TE broadcast IP used to flood the link adjacency information
- D. The email exchange server to notify the operators of network failures
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE notify address is an IP address used to signal failures on downstream nodes upstream to the head node. The GMRE notify address is configured on each GMRE node and is used to send a Notify message to the head node when a failure occurs on a link or node alongthe LSP. The Notify message contains the failure information and the LSP ID. The head node can then initiate a restoration process based on the Notify message. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 23
What is the Commissioning File in GMRE nodes?
- A. A file with commissioned GMRE nodes for NPA implementation
- B. A file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible
- C. A file of optical impairment parameters for power balance
- D. A control checklist for the operator
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The Commissioning File in GMRE nodes is a file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible. The Commissioning File contains parameters such as power, OSNR, Q-factor, and dispersion that are used to evaluate the feasibility of an LSP request. The Commissioning File is generated by the Network Planning Application (NPA) based on the network design and optical impairments. The Commissioning File is uploaded to each GMRE node and is used by the CSPF algorithm to find a suitable path for the LSP. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Network Planning Application (NPA) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 24
What is the GMRE node address?
- A. The IP address for communication between NEs
- B. An IP address for CORBA communication with the NMS
- C. The LMP Control Channel ID. This field contains the IPv4 address of the ingress LER as a global unique identifier
- D. The OSPF-TE broadcast IP used to flood the link adjacency information
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE node address is the IP address for communication between network elements (NEs) in a GMPLS-controlled optical network. The GMRE node address is also known as the GMRE loopback address or the GMPLS node IP. It is used by GMPLS protocols such as LMP and RSVP to identify and communicate with other GMRE nodes. The GMRE node address is configured on each NE and is advertised by OSPF-TE to other nodes in the same area. References : Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO, 1830 PSS Identifiers
NEW QUESTION # 25
What is a Nominal Route in a GMPLS network?
- A. The nominal power path
- B. The best possible path at the moment
- C. The least cost path according to the routing protocol
- D. The optimal path that meets TE constraints
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A Nominal Route in a GMPLS network is the optimal path that meets the Traffic Engineering (TE) constraints for a given LSP request. A Nominal Route is calculated by the NFM-T using the Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) algorithm, which takes into account parameters such as bandwidth, latency, priority, protection type, and other QoS attributes. A Nominal Route is stored in the NFM-T database and can be used to provision LSPs over the network. A Nominal Route can differ from the Current Route, which is the actual path that the LSP is taking at a given time, due to network changes or failures. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 26
How do you configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in a network with only LI restoration capability?
- A. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
- B. Uncheck the Logical Link box NSet the Port Type to Terminated
Uncheck the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box - C. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box - D. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Uncheck the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
To configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in a network with only LI restoration capability, you need to check the Logical Link box, set the Port Type to Unterminated, uncheck the ASON Routed box, and uncheck the ASON Tunnel box. This configuration allows you to create a logical link between two Uplink boards that can be used for LI restoration. The logical link is not terminated at the Uplink board, but at the OTU board. The ASON Routed option is not needed for LI restoration, as the LSPs are established by NFM-T and not by GMPLS. The ASON Tunnel option is not applicable for Uplink boards. References : Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia, Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which of the following best describes the Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted
- B. An automatic shut down of all LSPs in the TE-link
- C. A soft maintenance state where new traffic is allowed for restoration
- D. It is the same as the administrative maintenance state. No new traffic can be routed over the TE-Unk
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Shutting Down state is a transient state that occurs when a TE-link is set to maintenance mode in the NFM-T. In this state, the TE-link is not available for routing new LSPs, but the existing LSPs (SNCs) that use the TE-link are not immediately terminated. Instead, they are soft-rerouted, which means that they are gracefully switched to alternative paths without disrupting the traffic. The Shutting Down state lasts until all the SNCs on the TE-link are successfully soft-rerouted or forcefully terminated. After that, the TE-link transitions to the Administrative Maintenance state, where no traffic can be routed over the TE-link12.
References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 28
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